Aural Sculptors - The Stranglers Live 1976 to the Present


Welcome to Aural Sculptors, a blog aimed at bringing the music of The Stranglers to as wide an audience as possible. Whilst all of the various members of the band that have passed through the ranks since 1974 are accomplished studio musicians, it is on stage where the band have for me had their biggest impact.

As a collector of their live recordings for many years I want to share some of the better quality material with other fans. By selecting the higher quality recordings I hope to present The Stranglers in the best possible light for the benefit of those less familiar with their material than the hardcore fan.

Needless to say, this site will steer well clear of any officially released material. As well as live gigs, I will post demos, radio interviews and anything else that I feel may be of interest.

In addition, occasionally I will post material by other bands, related or otherwise, that mean a lot to me.

Your comments and/or contributions are most welcome. Please email me at adrianandrews@myyahoo.com.


Wednesday, 20 May 2026

Sam's Minneapolis 20th May 1981 - DomP Remaster

 

Still just in time for its own birthday! DomP reminded me this morning about a gig that he sent to me back in December. This gig from Minneapolis (like many from those '80/'81 US tours) sounds superb and even better for getting a bit of a DomP workout.

Hugh is in a particularly mischievous mood on this night telling stories of royals that could get him hanged for treason!

As always thanks to Dom for the work and the share.

FLAC: https://we.tl/t-PpaNrBTeDAWsBrO1

Artwork: https://we.tl/t-4ZMab79E254momiV

So 45 years ago tonight... enjoy!



Sunday, 17 May 2026

Shopping With The Stranglers (Sounds 19th February 1977)

Another early piece on the band by Chas de Whalley. This one with a difference, as rather than talking about the band on stage, this is a discussion all about gear... of the musical variety! So this is a bit of a nerdy post to be honest as Chas goes into forensic detail with regard to the bands requirements and preferences in terms of their musical equipment of choice. So go ahead an accompany Chas and the lads as their survey the wares of the music shops of London's Denmark Street and Shaftsbury Avenue whilst on a United Artists funded shopping spree thanks to the just done deal and the release of '(Get A) Grip (On Yourself)'.

Sounds 19th February 1977



Top Secret No 28 (March 1991)

 

In the process of rifling through various hard drives in search of a Brighton Dreamtime gig review I came across a handful more of the West Sussex produced 'Top Secret' fanzine (more specifically issues, 28, 29, 30, 31 and 32). I have it on good authority that after Issue 18, changes occurred within the editorial executive team (by the way, issues 1 to 18 are already uploaded to Aural Sculptors and can be located from the index list located in the site's right hand sidebar). Assuming that issue 32 was the last that was produced, I am still missing issues 19 to 27... anyone have them stowed away but crying out to see the light of day? 

Thanks again to those who took the time some years back now (Nick P and others) to scan and share the copies that I have. Top Secret filled a 'Strangled' shaped hole for many of us at a time when production timelines of the band's official oracle became somewhat erratic. 

Issue 28 is here.

Brighton Centre 4th November 1986

 


The local one for me at the time. The Brighton Conference Centre, a cavernous box of a venue with awful sound. The Centre is not a patch on the Dome, but at the time, bigger bands favoured the larger capacity of the Brighton Centre. Being the largest venue serving Sussex all and sundry played there, Queen, Wings, The Who, Bob Marley & The Wailers, The Clash etc etc... The Jam practically moved in in 1982!

Nevertheless in my view it is best left for Party Conferences... although they did put on a great record fair back in the '80s!

Looking back on this gig now, I really regret that I did not pay enough attention to Xmal Deutschland. I saw them briefly and then went to the bar. These days they are on heavy rotation on my PC and turntable.


Somewhere during the gig if I remember correctly, Burnel makes reference to shoes, a comment remembering that someone's shoe was thrown onto the stage the last time they played Brighton in March 1985.

In the download please ignore the track numbering, it is an artifact of editing done many years ago... the gig is indeed complete.

Here is a contemporary review from the Evening Argus (Brighton's evening newspaper) as it appeared in the 'Top Secret' fanzine. It's funny to think that the writer, Mike Ward, states that the band were getting old... what would he say now! That said, music paper hacks were declaring the band to be old back in '77 so nothing new there really.




100 Club (50 Years of Punk September 2026) - TV Smith And The Bored Teenagers and John McKay's Reactor

Inevitably this year will see many events marking punk rock's half century. Not an inconsequential place in this spittle flecked history is the 100 Club in London's Oxford Street (still one of the greatest rock 'n' roll venues anywhere!). Hosts to the famous/infamous Punk Rock Festival over what would have been two quiet weekday nights on 20th and 21st September 1976, the event brought together the main protagonists in what was to become the greatest youth culture to emerge in the UK (my opinion of course). Later, egos and controversies (real or manufactured) would drive wedges between many of the bands that appeared at the festival.

I was not there in 1976 as I was just 7 at the time! The best that I could do was to make an appearance at the 2nd 100 Club Punk Festival and Buzzcocks on the second night.


Over the years I have seen Sex Pistols, The Damned, Buzzcocks, Chris Spedding, The Vibrators and Siouxsie & The Banshees. I never got to see The Clash (Joe Strummer, Big Audio Dynamite and if memory serves Havana 3am was the closest I got). And I missed the opportunity to see Subway Sect who played on the 1st night of the 2nd festival (along with ATV).

To mark the the 50th anniversary of the original festival, the 100 Club are hosting a number of punk luminaries on 18th and 19th September. I opted for TV Smith and the Bored Teenagers and John McKay's Reactor over X Generation X and Stinky Toys. Whilst seeing Stinky Toys would be interesting given the fact that they played the original event, not having played in the UK since 1977 may be against them (maybe they have been more active in France). Actually I don't think that I have heard anything by them.



This seems to present a good excuse to post some TV Smith and John McKay material.


It was back in 2007 that TV Smith at long last reconciled with his Adverts past and backed by The Bored Teenagers started playing that band's material again for the first time since they dissolved in 1979. Since that time he has continued to thrill audiences with high energy Adverts sets such as this one from Rebellion in 2022 when he and the band played a set of exclusively Adverts songs.

The Adverts didn't play at the first 100 Club Festival, their live debut occurred some months later on 15th January 1977 when they supported Generation X at The Roxy, but Tim and Gaye were in attendance at the 100 Club for the fun.




The Banshees line up that played the 100 Club Festival was intentionally a one-off, Sioux doing vocal duties, Severin on bass, Marco Pirroni on guitar with Sid Vicious doing something with the drums. Later the line up settled with Sioux and Severin joined by Kenny Morris on drums and John McKay on guitar. Before John McGeogh, McKay's guitar work is widely recognised as defining the sound of the early Banshees. This line up went on to record the debut album 'The Scream' and the follow up 'Join Hands'. However, the relationships within the band were fractious and McKay and Morris famously departed from the band on the day of release of 'Join Hands', just hours before the band were due on stage at Aberdeen's Capitol Theatre.

In the last year or so John McKay has re-emerged with his Reactor band performing a mix of early Banshees songs with original material. Thanks to Malcolm for this one!










Saturday, 16 May 2026

1981 Demos/Rehearsals


An odd little assortment of tracks here, perhaps again from Jet's place. Another version of 'Tomorrow Was' with JJ covering vocal duties, but not the best sounding. There is a much better (and dare I say it funnier version by virtue of JJ's Bobby 'Boris' Pickett vocals!) on here somewhere if you care to look.

I have no further information on the story behind this particular recording. A brief message exchange with Chatts has come up with the following scenario. Listening back to this collection, 'Tomorrow Was' is not live, it is the SIS version. Either whoever put these four songs together way back when just added it as a 'rarity' or something else was going on. Could it be that after release of 'Tomorrow Was (The Hereafter)' by SIS (SIS 001) in 1980 the song may have been considered for inclusion in the live set and inclusion here of the 1976 version was the initial step to working the song up to a gig ready state? If this was the case, it came to nothing. But perhaps the seed was sown in a way that resulted in the cocktail version of 'Nubiles' (the B-side of SIS 001) featured a couple of years later in the Feline tour set.

All pure speculation of course.






 

Sunday, 10 May 2026

Conflict Mermaid Birmingham 22nd November 1986

This week I have mostly been pissed off and angry. At times like these I am afraid that 'Always The Sun' doesn't cut it.... even '5 Minutes' doesn't come close!

Here are Conflict from Birmingham back in 1986.

FLAC: https://we.tl/t-AOanvtqCAJeEwPKp

Artwork: https://we.tl/t-LkzixN2m7ers2zPS



Sunday, 3 May 2026

Peter And The Test Tube Babies Olympic Auditorium Los Angeles 25th November 1983

 

Here is a full on 'Mating Sounds' era gig from the Olympic Auditorium in Los Angeles. This was one of many punk gigs in the area organised by long standing promotors Golden Voice, that brought many of the UK 82 bands to an American punk audience back in the early 1980s.

FLAC: https://we.tl/t-xGf5PmbethezCnyh

Artwork: https://we.tl/t-BbEZB4dtcJNQGEiS



I also note that there are a number of excellent photos of the band on line that this gig taken by Alison Braun.

Del

Ogs

Peter

Trapper

(Photos: Alison Braun).



Top 30 Punk Albums #10 Mating Sounds Of South American Frogs - Peter And The Test Tube Babies

 


The first studio album from the Test Tubes was released in December 1983. At that time I was three months shy of my 14th birthday. Musically, I was still very much into electronic bands, the likes of Gary Numan, Ultravox and OMD. At that time though I was also aware of some original punk bands, there were a few Stranglers and Damned records in my expanding record collection. But to most of my mates at the time who were into punk, for them this meant bands of the UK 82 scene. Peter and the Test Tube Babies were critical at this time (and importantly local - the home town of Burgess Hill being about 12 miles north of Brighton) and a bit before that too. Someone in our small circle of friends had a copy of 'Pissed & Proud' and this got a regular airing, its content being instantly appealing to a group of 14 year old boys!

Some friends were seeing the band from 1983 onwards, not me though, I had to wait until early '85 to see then (sometime around the release of the 'Rotting In The Fart Sack' EP - a Sunday lunchtime gig at the Richmond in Brighton for the princely sum of 50p).

From this point on, punk both present and past became increasingly important in my world. So this album, aside from being a great album, holds great importance and many adolescent memories for me. There isn't a duff track to be heard on the original release (the throwaway ode to fast food, 'Wimpeez' only appeared on later issues of the album). Tracks such as 'The Jinx', 'Guest List' and always my favourite 'Let's Burn' still sound great nearly 40 years down the line. The additional studio expense (the album was recorded in Pink Floyd's Britannia Row Studios and Southern Studios (of Crass et al. fame) coupled with proper production, not to mention better playing ability (thanks to a heavy gigging schedule over the previous 18 months) propelled the album into a different league.

If 'Pissed & Proud' captures the raw, disorder of early Test Tubes, 'Mating Sounds' stands out as the band's definitive album. A review of a set list from 2023 shows that 17 out of 22 songs played at that particular gig were from '82 to '85. That said '83 to '86 was a fine time to be into the Peter and the Test Tube Babies as 'Mating Sounds' was followed by the cassette only compilation 'Journey to the Centre of Johnny Clarke's Head' (this was the first thing I heard in proper stereo.... never mind 'Oxygene' or 'Tubular Bells' when your first experience of stereo is 'Tupperware Party'!). That was followed by the aforementioned 'Rotting in the Fart Sack' which unleashed the brilliant 'Spirit of Keith Moon' and then came 'Soberphobia' which followed in the same vain as 'Mating Sounds' but never quite scaled the same heights as its predecessor. Oh and I nearly forgot 1985's 'The Loud, Blaring, Punk Rock LP', an album that caused much mirth and merriment back then!

Here's what the critics had to say... not that any of it changes my opinion of the album.

New Musical Express (29th October 1983)


New Musical Express (15th October 1983)


New Musical Express (5th November 1983)


New Musical Express (24th December 1983)


New Musical Express (17th December 1983)


These were the opinions of the New Musical Express at the time, from the 'unlistenable legacy of punk' to 'zomboid metal thunder'. Still does it for me though!








Remembering Dave Greenfield 3rd May 2026 With 'Fire And Water'

 

Was it really six years ago that Mo charged through our back door to convey the news on that sunny lockdown afternoon that Dave had died?! Well yes it was.

I said it on here at the time that whilst it is said  that the whole is bigger than the part... the part that Dave's extraordinary musical virtuosity brought to the Stranglers' sound was immense. In that sense whilst it is undoubtedly the case, and most certainly in the early years, that that the four members of the band each contributed uniquely to that 'sound', it was Dave's keyboard handiwork that provided the wax seal to the whole and that confirmed that you were indeed listening to The Stranglers.

Working with JJ in 1983 he was responsible for the soundtrack of the French art film 'Ecoutez Vos Murs' entitled 'Fire & Water'. In terms of audio material, I have posted all that I have, but here is a link once again to the brilliant Rat Zone produced collection of outtakes (here) and please note that if you search the site for Dave there are another couple of posts that relate to this most quirky of albums.

What I have not posted before is some of the press reaction to the album and the accompanying single, 'Rain & Dole & Tea'... 'Non!' sums up the collective view of the music press. Then again by 1983 the band were yesterday's news in the eyes of most music journalists.

Smash Hits (8th December 1983)


New Musical Express (17th December 1983)


Dave as the 'missing link between Gary Numan and Vangelis' !!!???

Record Mirror (7th January 1984)


Sadly, the single 'Rain & Dole & Tea' faired no better in the hands of the critics (Marc Almond).


Record Mirror (25th February 1984)


Monday, 27 April 2026

North Shore Sunderland 11th June 2011

 


I am very indebted to yesican for sharing this gig with me. Much appreciated!

I had not heard of this venue before and upon looking it up discovered that it was demolished late last year after standing unused since 2016. It was located in close proximity to the University of Sunderland's St Peter's Campus. I wonder how many venues, as a percentage, that the Stranglers have played over their 52 year career are no longer in existence, having been bulldozed or turned into flats... 
I think the number would be quite shocking. There's a project for someone!

Anyway, enjoy this decent sounding gig from back in 2011 when 'Sweden', 'Tramp' and 'Two Sunspots' lit up the set.

FLAC: https://we.tl/t-V4FSzykLS8ZnKkFP

Artwork: https://we.tl/t-A6dDQu1cDvL4rj2P



Siouxsie And The Banshees Interview (Record Mirror 4th April 1987)

Here is an interview with Steve Severin and Budgie of the Banshees that was conducted by Record Mirror at around the time of the release of 'Through The Looking Glass'.

Record Mirror (4th April 1987)


It's gone one o'clock in the morning in the packed VIP lounge at London's mega-trendy Limelight club. In one corner, Mandy Smith is being enthusiastically chatted up by Ben from Curiosity, his eyebrows disappearing Gallically and flirtatiously into his cap as she whispers in his ear.

In another corner, Ray from SSS is serenading a giggling crowd of rockettes with his Billy Idol impersonations. It's wall to wall celebs (for once), and as I duck the flying champagne my eyes fall upon a strange sight. For there , shimmying on the spot with glass in hand and a dazzling grin on his face, is Steve Severin. He twirls around, coat flying, giggling, and disappears off into the darker recesses of the room.

Nothing odd about that, you may say. Maybe not, but only two days previously I had interviewed Mr Severin and fellow Banshee Budgie, and the person I met that afternoon seemed a million miles from the person I've just seen doing the dance of the seven champagne glasses.

Flashback to Monday: we meet in an Edwardian hotel off Oxford Street to discuss the Banshees' album and its second single, Iggy Pop's 'The Passenger'. Steven is formal in his greeting and offers tea. He's dressed in a plain black coat which covers a rather loud but tasteful peacock blue suit. Budgie smiles and leans forward to greet me. He reminds me of an après nose-job, leather-clad Barry Manilow. Both make me feel a mite uneasy.

The Banshees are a very private group. So private that even an afternoon in their company leaves you none the wiser about them as people.

"We have a notorious reputation that isn't really anything. You can't really put your finger on it."

Well try , Steven. "People are scared of coming to talk to us , we're hard to get along with, but then we know exactly what we want to do and that's a bit tough for some people."

The Banshees have just released 'Through The Looking Glass', an intriguing set of cover versions, some for better ('Hall Of Mirrors') and some for worse ('Strange Fruit'). It strikes you that any of them could have been Banshees originals, but as Steven says: "Everyone said we had brilliant taste!"

How did they decide which songs to record when so many just begged to be covered by them?

Steven: "Lyrics were important. There had to be a certain lyrical content that Sioux felt happy singing." 

Elvis songs were, apparently, considered, along with 'What's New Pussycat'.

"We also tried 'Paper Sun' by Traffic and again 'Arnold Layne' came up and went away," adds Budgie. Surely that's a difficult lyric for a girl like Sioux to sing?
Budgie: "Well, that's what we kept finding out! One of the main things that did keep cropping up was 'this lyric stinks'."

Steven: "Especially all the Tamla ones ... "

It seems strange that you should pick 'Sea Breezes' as your Roxy track.

Steven: "We tried 'Pyjamarama' and 'Street Life' for about two seconds, and we thought that it was too obvious to do. I think Sioux found it in the end, she really liked the melody."

Steven also mentions that they did consider a Bowie track (the most glaring omission) but when they tried 'After All' from 'The Man Who Sold The World', Sioux didn't want to do it - she didn't like the lyrics much.

"I think she thought they were too personal to him," offers Budgie. I keep forgetting about the Budgie/Sioux romantic connection, and the way Budgie speaks about her hardly belies the attachment.

In contrast to Budgie's effusive manner, Steven is so quiet and reserved that he puts me in mind of the Dormouse in 'Alice In Wonderland'. (In fact , did he not play that very role in their 'Play At Home' TV spot three years ago?) If he'd fallen asleep face down in his tea, I wouldn't have been surprised. Not that he's discourteous you understand , just distant, maybe feeling that this whole interview business is somehow an unnecessary tedium.

Aren't they worried that doing an album like this will be construed as an attempt to revitalise a career somewhat bruised by two relatively unsuccessful albums?

Steven bristles, quietly. "People can think what they like."

Budgie: "I think the reviewskind of say that, but it doesn't really seem such a clever career move. It's like laying yourself open to these kind of questions. If it hadn't worked within a week, we would've stopped it anyway."

Steven : "Some of the reviews have steered away from slagging it off simply because it's so obvious to do that, which is quite interesting. It's sort of a double bluff in itself."

Did you find that playing songs you loved gave you a new lease of energy?

Steven: "It gave us a chance to have a breather, and it was a really good exercise in itself to see how other people put songs together and maybe remember things you'd forgotten, like how simple things could be."

They both mention how making the album was less of a pressure as the songs had already gone through the process of being worked on . Their next studio album is already half written, and it would seem that the lessons learnt in 'Through The Looking Glass' have been borne out in more ways than one.

Steven: "We're now working as a three piece, so it gives us greater freedom to use the things we learnt from doing this last album ."


Up until this point, I've neglected the great question of John Carruthers' departure.  However, Steven is very forthcoming .

"We virtually did the last album as a three piece, because it was more to do with making decisions and the three of us are very good about that and know which way a Banshee song should go. John's contribution never really went into that area at all. He was just playing guitar."

So was that the last straw?

Steven: "It was one of the straws! There's a lot more involvement than just playing the guitar if you want to be in the Banshees. We had two and a half years of trying to push John into taking many of his responsibilities and it didn't really work in the end. Once we were halfway through this last album we started to get the inkling of an idea that maybe he was holding us back."

Budgie: "But to give him a bit of credit, each time it's been harder for someone to come along and fit in."

But did he jump, or was he pushed?

Budgie: "He needed a push and we gave it 'im!"

Steven reckons that the Banshees will stay as a three piece and just bring people in to highlight various instruments the way they do on 'Looking Glass', which is probably how it should be.  After all, Sioux herself recently admitted that she "Watched the group with the love of a jealous mother," and seeing how Budgie is her current lover and Steven her ex,
it's no small wonder that the unit of three is so tight and impregnable.

Does she treat them like sons and rule them with a cricket bat and a tawse? Budgie laughs and looks thoughtfully at the ceiling. "Well, she hasn't got a cricket bat!"

She's usually the one doing the interviews, though.

"That's why she says things like that!" says Steven . "I think it's that people tend to think that a woman in any commanding position would have to work like that. It's not true at all!"

"It's certainly different being in a group with men ," puts in Budgie. "I was with an all-girl group once and I got battered around a lot then!"

"We'd be the same if we were in a group with all men," protests Steven, as loud as he’ll ever get. "We wouldn't suddenly get in the tour bus and belch and fart all over the place!"

"Yes you would!" laughs Budgie. Well, I should've known that Sioux was an impregnable subject. The interview eventually dwindles to a close on a humorous note as Budgie, who's only recently given up smoking, finally cracks up in the face of Steven's puffing.  All of a sudden, sentences have no endings and he jumps up and down like a jack-in-the-box.

"I spent all last night cleaning the windows in my flat! See, this is what you do!" Ever tried knitting?

"My sister tried to teach me to knit but the needles wouldn't move 'cos the stitches were so tight !"

Steven suddenly loosens up and I glimpse a teeny bit of the person I'm to see two days later. "I was very good at embroidery at school." He smiles, and suddenly seems younger and not quite so damn serious.

"Yeah, I remember bringing the needle through and sticking it in someone's head by mistake!" He chuckles again like a conspiratorial seven-year-old . How I wish though, that I'd had my tape recorder at the Limelight. That evening told me more about Steve Severin than the interview ever could have. Ah well, the gates of Fort Banshee crash down yet again, and their true selves remain intact.



Sunday, 26 April 2026

Siouxsie And The Banshees (Jannus Landing, St Peatersburg, FL 22nd August 1987) and Kraftwerk (Akasaka Blitz, Tokyo 10th May 2013) - Got It Covered #4

 


Siouxsie and the Banshees never ran away from a cover. It's how they started after all. Their debit gig at the 100 Club Punk Festival on 20th September 1976 entailed a cover of 'The Lord's Prayer' (if in fact that can count that as a 'cover version') interspersed with some other very familiar tunes. Eleven years on from the 100 Club they deemed it to be right and proper that they release an album of covers of tracks by musicians that influenced them. It's a tried and tested pathway that is as old as rock 'n' roll itself... the difference being that by the time that the '80's came around the original recording artists were getting just royalties(I hope!) With a nod to Bowie's 'Pin Ups' (and well, if it's good enough for David well then)... 

The Banshees released 'Through The Looking Glass' in early March 1987 which featured an eclectic selection of covers from some of the biggest movers and shakers within the underground music scenes of the '60s and '70s, including Iggy's 'The Passenger' and Bob Dylan's 'This Wheel's On Fire'. There were also a couple of curveball selections in there, notably 'Trust In Me' from the Jungle Book adaptation by Disney and the dark and deeply disturbing 'Strange Fruit' by Billy Holiday.

The subject of this post though is the track 'Hall of Mirrors', originally recorded and released on Kraftwerk's 1977 album 'Trans Europe Express'. Seemingly, Dusseldorf's electronic kings were aware of the Banshees' tribute to the song, which in turn celebrates the iconic, international train service that transected the European continent, ferrying its passengers in first class style for nearly 20 years. Of the cover, Ralf Hütter is on record as stating "In general, we consider cover versions as an appreciation of our work. The version of 'Hall of Mirrors' by Siouxsie and the Banshees is extraordinary".

The song did form part of the Banshees set in 1987 as in this example from St Petersburg in Florida.



In contrast and perhaps unsurprisingly, Kraftwerk's 1977 original is rather different altogether to Siouxsie and Co.'s version. Reassuringly cold and precise, the song tells of a group of shop mannequins who seemingly tire of posing for the public and instead break through their shop front windows and enter the city (presumably their home city of Dusseldorf). And having gained their freedom, what do these free-thinking showroom dummies do? Well of course they head for a nightclub in order to dance through the night to some of the latest tunes (avantgarde German electronica for sure!). Looks like Ralf and Florian had a premonition 49 years ago of our AI reality today. Whatever, the song paints a brilliant picture that could have come from the imagination of Philip K. Dick.


Kraftwerk did not tour in 1977 and 'Showroom Dummies' never got much in the way of live exposure until the band started their album retrospective tours in the 2010s such as this nice sounding gig from Tokyo in 2013.





Saturday, 25 April 2026

Yet Another Stranglers Linoprint!

 

Jean Jacques Burnel (The Stranglers)
20cm x 40 cm lino print
Black ink on ivory card.

The sewing machine thunders downstairs into the wee hours of the morning, as Gunta enters her final university week in a billowing mass of black cotton and calico. For my part I am keeping a low profile, offering occasional words of encouragement, food and drink to the best of my ability and doing the odd bit of modelling! To this end linocutting/printing is pretty unobtrusive whilst keeping me on the spot in case emergency biscuits are required to be fetched.

So here is JJ Burnel up on one leg in what... 1983? Thanks to Mick A for the image.

It was a great image from which to do a linoprint. Despite the fact that the facial features are reduced down to part of his nose and his cheek, the rest being lost in shadow, there is no room for doubt as to who the subject is. I would go so far to say that even when featureless you know that expression on his face behind the shadow!